What Causes Emphysema?

　　The primary symptom of emphysema is coughing—especially at night. Additionally, some patients may also experience symptoms such as cough, sputum production, or fever. Emphysema is a chronic condition; treatment becomes increasingly difficult in advanced stages. So, what causes emphysema?

　What Causes Emphysema?

　　Smoking and air pollution are major contributors to emphysema. Smoking is one of the leading causes: components in cigarette smoke induce abnormal changes in the epithelial cells of the tracheal mucosa. Local bronchial structures may also become damaged, triggering bronchospasm and increasing airway resistance. Over time, these changes gradually lead to the development of emphysema. Air pollution can repeatedly infect the human respiratory tract, thereby predisposing individuals to emphysema.

　　Emphysema progression can be slowed through pharmacological therapy, rehabilitation, and home oxygen therapy. Pharmacological treatment primarily aims to dilate the bronchi and alleviate bronchitis. Bronchodilators—including β-adrenergic agonists and anticholinergic agents—help relax bronchial smooth muscle, facilitating smoother airflow. Pursed-lip breathing is a respiratory training technique that strengthens lung function and helps improve emphysema symptoms. As the disease advances, pulmonary gas exchange capacity progressively declines, eventually failing to meet the body’s oxygen demands; at this stage, physicians typically recommend long-term home oxygen therapy.

　　In daily life, maintain a regular, balanced diet—avoid spicy, irritating foods and overeating, and refrain from staying up late. We hope this information proves helpful to you.