What Causes Purple-Black Gums?

In daily life, many patients notice that their gums appear black—a sign that is not normal and thus causes greater concern. This discoloration may result from oral ulcers, melanin deposition, or chronic periodontal disease. Patients should consult a dentist for a thorough examination of their teeth and gums; pharmacological treatment may be necessary, and professional oral cleaning is essential to remove dental plaque and calculus. So, what causes gums to turn purplish-black?

What Causes Gums to Turn Purplish-Black?

Purplish-black discoloration of the gums may stem from poor oral hygiene or pigment deposition from food and beverages. Inadequate daily oral care can irritate the gum tissue, triggering an inflammatory response—leading to swelling, pain, and ulceration. In severe cases, this inflammation may cause the gums to darken and take on a purplish hue. Long-term smoking or frequent consumption of coffee can lead to substantial pigment deposition on teeth and surrounding tissues, also contributing to gum discoloration. Prompt evaluation by a dental professional is recommended. Additionally, maintaining good oral hygiene habits in daily life—and minimizing irritation to the gingival area—can effectively help control the condition.

Certain medications taken by patients may alter the color of oral mucosa and teeth. Tetracycline, for instance, can cause gum darkening—particularly during childhood growth and development. Excessive tetracycline intake chronically stimulates tooth formation, resulting in black spots on the tooth surface. Given the observation of blackened gingival tissue, clinicians should assess the patient’s blood oxygen saturation to rule out hypoxia-related issues. It is also important to evaluate blood circulation in the gingiva and periodontal ligament. If the discoloration stems from an underlying hematologic disorder, appropriate pharmacotherapy and dietary interventions aimed at improving peripheral circulation are warranted. Patients should also engage in regular physical activity to enhance overall metabolism.

Clinically, ultrasonic supragingival scaling combined with subgingival curettage is recommended to achieve thorough debridement—thereby facilitating gradual resolution of gingival swelling. We hope this information proves helpful to you.