25-item urinalysis test panel

　  The 25-item routine urinalysis generally includes the following tests: urine color, urine clarity, acidity/alkalinity, red blood cell examination, cast examination, protein test, specific gravity, qualitative urine glucose test, urine HCG test, urinary complement measurement, white blood cell examination, occult blood in urine, urine ketones, urine glucose, pH value, urine nitrite, urobilinogen, bilirubin in urine, epithelial cell examination, urinary crystals, creatinine, ascorbic acid, mucus threads, and bacteria.

　　1. Urine Color Examination

　　During routine urinalysis, the first step is to observe whether the urine color is normal. Normal urine is straw-yellow in color. Abnormal urine color may vary due to food, medications, pigments, or presence of blood.

　　2. Urine Clarity Examination

　　Normally, urine is clear and transparent. If left standing for a long time, changes in urine pH may cause components such as mucoproteins and nucleoproteins to precipitate gradually, resulting in mild turbidity.

　　3. Acidity/Alkalinity (Acid-Base Balance)

　　In routine urinalysis, normal urine is typically weakly acidic. However, it may become neutral or weakly alkaline depending on diet, medication use, or certain diseases.

　　4. Urine Red Blood Cell Examination

　　Occasional red blood cells may be seen in the urine of healthy individuals. A large number of red blood cells in urine may indicate genitourinary tract infections or other related conditions.

　　5. Cast Examination

　　Casts are normally absent in urine, although a small number of transparent casts may occasionally be observed, containing only trace amounts of albumin.

　　6. Protein Test

　　Healthy individuals excrete only a small amount of protein daily, and qualitative testing in routine urinalysis is typically negative.

　　7. Specific Gravity Test

　　Urine specific gravity is influenced by age, fluid intake, and sweating. Variations in specific gravity can provide information relevant to certain reproductive or urinary system disorders.

　　8. Qualitative Urine Glucose Test

　　Normal urine contains only trace amounts of glucose, with qualitative tests yielding negative results. A positive result may indicate an underlying medical condition.

　　9. Urine HCG Test

　　The urine HCG test detects human chorionic gonadotropin in women's urine to determine early pregnancy.

　　10. Urinary Complement Measurement

　　This test primarily measures the presence of complement C3 in urine and serves as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for nephrotic syndrome.

　　11. Urine White Blood Cell Examination

　　Urinalysis for white blood cells is a key method in routine urinalysis, used primarily to diagnose infections or inflammatory diseases of the urinary system and adjacent tissues, and to support further evaluation.

　　12. Occult Blood in Urine (Urine Hematuria)

　　Occult blood in urine, also known as urine hematuria, is detected through routine urinalysis.

　　13. Urine Ketones

　　Urine ketones are a standard parameter in urinalysis, including acetone, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid—intermediate products of fat metabolism. Thus, urine ketone testing reflects the body’s fat metabolism status.

　　14. Urine Glucose

　　Routine urinalysis includes testing for glucose. Normally, glucose should not be present in urine. Its detection suggests elevated blood glucose levels or impaired renal glucose threshold.

　　15. pH Value

　　The pH of urine, also referred to as urine acidity/alkalinity, is one of the standard parameters in urinalysis. It reflects the kidney’s ability to regulate acid-base balance. The normal reference range for urine pH is 5–7. Values below 5 indicate excessive acidity, while values above 7 indicate excessive alkalinity.

　　16. Urine Nitrite

　　A positive nitrite test primarily indicates infections such as pyelonephritis or cystitis.

　　17. Urobilinogen

　　Urobilinogen is normally negative or weakly positive. A positive result is commonly associated with jaundice or liver disease.

　　18. Bilirubin in Urine

　　Bilirubin in urine is normally negative. A positive result is often seen in hepatobiliary diseases, pancreatic head cancer, jaundice, hemolysis, and similar conditions.

　　19. Epithelial Cell Examination

　　Epithelial cell examination in routine urinalysis includes flat squamous epithelial cells, large round epithelial cells, tail-shaped epithelial cells, and small round or polygonal epithelial cells.

　　20. Urinary Crystals

　　Urinary crystals are part of the urine sediment examination. After collecting the patient’s urine sample, it is centrifuged to allow sedimentation, followed by analysis for the presence of crystalline substances.

　　21. Creatinine

　　Creatinine is a metabolic waste product in the body. Its concentration is inversely proportional to urine volume. Therefore, dividing the concentration of microalbumin or protein by creatinine concentration helps reduce the impact of variable urine volume on random urine test results.

　　22. Urine Calcium

　　Urine calcium levels reflect blood calcium concentrations and provide diagnostic clues for hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, or calcium deficiency.

　　23. Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

　　The level of ascorbic acid depends on dietary intake. High concentrations of ascorbic acid may interfere with tests for bilirubin, glucose, nitrite, creatinine, and occult blood, leading to falsely low results.

　　24. Mucus Threads Examination

　　Mucus threads are one of the indicators in routine urinalysis, secreted by cells. They may appear in normal urine, particularly in female samples.

　　25. Bacteria

　　A certain amount of bacteria may normally be present in urine. However, significantly increased bacterial counts, especially when accompanied by elevated white blood cells or urinary irritation symptoms, suggest possible infection or inflammation.

　　It is recommended that patients undergo testing at a reputable hospital. For optimal results, urine samples should be the first morning, clean-catch, midstream void.