What does blood type incompatibility (hemolysis) between spouses mean?

Mar 28, 2023 Source: Cainiu Health

Dr. Zhang Heyang

Introduction

ABO hemolytic disease in couples generally refers to cases where the mother has blood type O and the father does not, which may lead to ABO hemolytic disease in the newborn. This condition can cause fetal splenomegaly. In addition, neonatal ABO hemolytic disease requires timely blood transfusion therapy under a doctor's guidance to effectively alleviate anemia symptoms and promote recovery.

　　Hemolytic disease due to blood type incompatibility between spouses generally refers to cases where the mother has blood type O and the father does not, which may lead to ABO hemolytic disease in the newborn.

　　The ABO blood group system consists of four types: type A, type B, type AB, and type O. If the mother is blood type O and the father has a different blood type, blood type incompatibility between mother and child may occur, increasing the risk of immune-mediated hemolytic disease. The most common form is ABO hemolytic disease.

　　Neonatal ABO hemolytic disease typically presents with jaundice appearing within 2–3 days after birth. Severe hemolysis can cause elevated bilirubin levels. Anemia may also develop, usually occurring 3–6 weeks after birth. The spleen, being the largest immune organ in the body, produces a large number of immune cells that help clear unrecognized red blood cells from the fetal circulation, often leading to splenomegaly in affected fetuses.

　　In addition, newborns with ABO hemolytic disease require timely treatment under medical supervision, such as blood transfusions, which can effectively alleviate anemia and promote recovery.

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What are the symptoms of hemolysis?

Under normal circumstances, symptoms during a hemolytic episode mainly include jaundice, manifestations related to anemia, hemoglobinuria, abdominal and back pain, fever, etc. The severity of hemolytic symptoms is related to the type of hemolysis and the speed of onset. When managing such episodes, it is important to observe relevant contraindications and precautions, promptly identify the underlying cause, and implement targeted interventions to ensure health and safety.

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Which blood type is prone to hemolysis?

In blood transfusion scenarios, type O red blood cells lack A and B antigens, but the plasma contains anti-A and anti-B antibodies. If a type O patient receives type A, B, or AB blood, the antibodies in the plasma may bind to the antigens on the transfused red blood cells, triggering a hemolytic reaction. Conversely, when type O blood is given by a donor to a non-type O recipient, the antibodies in the donor's plasma may also attack the recipient's red blood cells.

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What are hemolytic diseases?

In general, common hemolytic diseases mainly include hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, thalassemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Hemolytic diseases have complex etiologies and varied clinical manifestations, requiring integration of medical history and laboratory tests for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.

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Can patients with favism drink Fuganlin oral solution?

In general, patients with G6PD deficiency (favism) should not take Fuganlin oral solution on their own. They must first confirm the drug's ingredients, ensure there are no contraindicated components, and then use it only as directed by a physician. Medication use in individuals with G6PD deficiency requires particular caution, and all drugs should be taken under medical supervision. In daily life, they should avoid consuming fava beans and fava bean products, stay away from naphthalene balls (mothballs) and other substances that may trigger hemolysis, and maintain stable health.

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Can patients with favism take Cough-Relieving Loquat Granules?

If the ingredients of Zhi Ke Pi Pa Granules consist only of conventional cough-relieving components such as Loquat Leaf, Stemona Root, and White Front (Bai Qian), and do not contain substances like Honeysuckle, Coptis, or Bezoar that may trigger hemolysis, patients with G6PD deficiency (favism) may take the medication after evaluation by a doctor. These ingredients are considered relatively safe, as they do not induce hemolytic reactions in individuals with G6PD deficiency, and can effectively relieve cough and expel phlegm to alleviate cough symptoms.

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Can high blood pressure and anemia cause jaundice in infants?

In general, whether high blood pressure or anemia in children can cause jaundice depends on the specific circumstances. Mild hypertension or mild anemia alone usually does not lead to jaundice; however, severe anemia causing hemolysis, or conditions accompanied by liver or biliary damage, may indirectly trigger jaundice. Regular monitoring of blood pressure, complete blood count, and bilirubin levels is recommended in daily care, along with maintaining balanced nutrition to prevent iron-deficiency anemia.

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What measures are included in preventing hemolytic reactions?

In general, to prevent hemolytic reactions, strict measures should be taken, including verifying blood type and blood bag information, following proper procedures for blood storage and transportation, avoiding blood contamination, controlling the rate of transfusion, and assessing the patient's individual risk for hemolysis. Additionally, during transfusion, the patient's vital signs—such as body temperature, blood pressure, and urine output—should be closely monitored. If symptoms such as chills, back pain, or darkening of urine occur, immediate action should be taken.

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What are the causes of hemolytic transfusion reactions?

In general, hemolytic transfusion reactions may be caused by factors such as blood type incompatibility, improper blood storage, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug-induced hemolysis, or hemolysis triggered by infection. It is recommended to seek timely medical attention, identify the underlying cause, and receive symptomatic treatment under a doctor's guidance. Close monitoring of the recipient's condition before and after transfusion is essential, along with proper documentation of all transfusion-related information.

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