Who is at higher risk of developing leukemia?

Leukemia is a group of malignant clonal disorders originating from hematopoietic stem cells. Clonal leukemia cells proliferate excessively in the bone marrow and other hematopoietic tissues due to uncontrolled proliferation, impaired differentiation, and resistance to apoptosis. These abnormal cells accumulate and infiltrate non-hematopoietic tissues and organs, while simultaneously suppressing normal hematopoiesis. So, who is at higher risk for developing leukemia? The following section addresses this question.

Who Is at Higher Risk for Leukemia?

Generally, individuals with chromosomal abnormalities—such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) or congenital intellectual disability—are at a 15–20-fold higher risk of developing leukemia compared with healthy children. Additionally, people with certain immunodeficiency disorders or autoimmune diseases are also more susceptible to leukemia. Prolonged use of immunosuppressants or cytotoxic drugs—including agents known to be leukemogenic—increases risk. Long-term exposure to environmental pollutants—especially among workers in the automotive industry, beauty sector, dye manufacturing, and interior decoration—also elevates leukemia risk. Furthermore, patients with certain pre-existing hematologic disorders may progress to leukemia. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize exposure to such hazardous substances to help prevent leukemia and other related diseases.

Knowledge Extension: Early Symptoms of Leukemia

1. Hepatosplenomegaly and Lymphadenopathy

These manifestations result primarily from excessive proliferation of leukemic cells. Common signs include enlargement of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; tenderness over the sternum; bone and joint pain; proptosis (bulging eyes); diplopia (double vision); or blindness. Gingival hyperplasia, gray-blue maculopapular skin lesions, and symptoms of meningeal leukemia—including dizziness and headache—may also occur.

2. Bleeding

Bleeding may occur anywhere in the body, most commonly involving the skin, gums, and nasal mucosa. Other sites include the retina and inner ear; severe cases may involve intracranial, gastrointestinal, or respiratory tract hemorrhage. Notably, superficial lymphadenopathy—particularly in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions—is frequently observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

3. Fever

Fever is typically caused by infection, most commonly pharyngitis, oral mucositis, and perianal infections. Pneumonia, tonsillitis, gingivitis, and perianal abscesses are also frequent. Less common infections include otitis media, enteritis, and pyelonephritis. In severe cases, sepsis or septicemia may develop.

The above outlines key risk factors for leukemia. We hope this information is helpful to you.