What does the six-hormone panel primarily test for?

Six hormone tests usually refer to the six-item sex hormone panel, which primarily measures follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. If abnormal values are detected, it is recommended to seek medical treatment promptly. Detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

This is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Its main function is to promote the development and maturation of ovarian follicles. FSH levels vary throughout different phases of the menstrual cycle: typically 1.5–10 U/L before ovulation, 8–20 U/L during ovulation, and 2–10 U/L after ovulation. The normal reference range is generally 5–40 U/L.

2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

LH is also secreted by the pituitary gland. In women, it triggers ovulation from mature ovarian follicles and promotes the formation of the corpus luteum, stimulating the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen. In men, LH stimulates the testicular interstitial cells to produce testosterone.

3. Prolactin

This is a protein hormone secreted by the acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary functions include promoting breast development and maintaining normal lactation during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Abnormal prolactin levels may be associated with pituitary disorders such as pituitary tumors or hyperprolactinemia.

4. Estradiol

Estradiol is the primary estrogen in females, produced mainly by the ovaries. It promotes endometrial proliferation and maintains the development of the female reproductive system. The normal range for estradiol is 50–200 nmol/L. Levels below or above this range may indicate reduced ovarian function or ovarian failure.

5. Progesterone

This is a key progestogen primarily secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary. Its main functions include regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy. Changes in progesterone levels help physicians assess ovulation status and conditions such as luteal phase deficiency.

6. Testosterone

This is one of the primary sex hormones in males, although it is also produced in small amounts in females. In men, testosterone levels help evaluate testicular function. In women, abnormal testosterone levels may be associated with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or adrenal cortical hyperplasia.

By measuring these sex hormone levels, doctors can assess a patient’s reproductive system function, diagnose related disorders, and guide appropriate treatment.