What Are the Items Included in Prenatal Examinations?

Prenatal screening is one of the most important strategies for preventing congenital birth defects in newborns. It enables risk assessment for potential fetal congenital abnormalities during pregnancy, and—when combined with prenatal diagnosis—can maximize prevention of births affected by such conditions. So, what specific tests are included in prenatal screening? Below, we address this question.

What Tests Are Included in Prenatal Screening?

1. Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)

This test aims to detect whether the fetus has congenital neural tube defects. The neural tube forms the foundation of the fetal nervous system and must close completely during early embryonic development. If closure fails or is incomplete, various malformations may result—including cleft lip, anencephaly, and spina bifida occulta.

2. Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Related Tests

These include assessments of blood type, Rh factor, platelet count, and white blood cell count—to screen for anemia or hematologic disorders. Comprehensive hepatitis virus testing (for hepatitis A, B, and C) is also performed to prevent complications from viral hepatitis during pregnancy. Additionally, rubella virus serology is conducted to determine whether the mother has experienced a recent rubella infection.

3. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Screening for Down syndrome is a critical component of prenatal care. This autosomal chromosomal disorder significantly increases the risk of spontaneous abortion or preterm delivery. Affected infants typically exhibit distinctive facial features, intellectual disability, and reduced life expectancy.

4. Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

This screening evaluates the risk of Edwards syndrome—a severe autosomal chromosomal disorder second only to Down syndrome in prevalence. Fetuses affected by trisomy 18 often display intrauterine growth restriction and markedly decreased fetal movement. After birth, they typically present with low birth weight, craniofacial and limb deformities, skeletal and muscular abnormalities, and profound intellectual disability.

The above outlines the major components of prenatal screening. We hope this information is helpful to you.