What could be causing vaginal bleeding if it's not a menstrual period?

Generally, vaginal bleeding that occurs outside of the menstrual period is referred to as intermenstrual bleeding. This type of abnormal bleeding may be caused by ovulation-related bleeding, post-coital bleeding, endocrine disorders, luteal phase deficiency, cervicitis, or other factors. Treatment can include general management and medication under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Specific causes are analyzed as follows:

1. Ovulation Bleeding

Ovulation bleeding occurs due to significant fluctuations in estrogen levels around the time of ovulation, leading to localized shedding of the endometrium and resulting in light bleeding. It is important to maintain adequate rest, avoid strenuous exercise, and practice good personal hygiene in daily life.

2. Post-Coital Bleeding

Bleeding after sexual intercourse may result from trauma to the mucous membranes caused by overly vigorous sexual activity. It is advisable to temporarily discontinue intercourse and maintain cleanliness and hygiene.

3. Endocrine Disorders

Factors such as life stress, emotional fluctuations, and irregular eating habits may lead to endocrine imbalances. Such imbalances disrupt hormonal levels in the body, causing abnormal endometrial bleeding—i.e., intermenstrual bleeding—often accompanied by menstrual cycle irregularities and mood swings. Under medical supervision, medications such as estradiol valerate tablets, Danzhi Xiaoyao Pills, or Tiaojing Cuyun Pills may be prescribed for treatment.

4. Luteal Phase Deficiency

Poor follicular development and related factors may lead to luteal phase deficiency, preventing the endometrium from maintaining a stable secretory phase during the latter half of the menstrual cycle, thereby causing intermenstrual bleeding. This condition may also be associated with infertility or early pregnancy loss. Treatment should follow medical advice and may include medications such as dydrogesterone tablets, vitamin E soft capsules, or Zishen Yutai Pills.

5. Cervicitis

Cervicitis is caused by infection of the cervix by pathogens, primarily including *Chlamydia trachomatis*. Inflammatory stimulation leads to congestion, edema, and even erosion of the cervical mucosa, resulting in the aforementioned symptoms. Additional symptoms may include frequent urination and urgency. Patients should follow medical advice and use medications such as metronidazole suppositories, levofloxacin tablets, or Kangfuyan capsules for treatment.

In daily life, it is important to maintain regular作息 (sleep patterns), balanced nutrition, emotional stability, and good personal hygiene to support overall health and prevent abnormal conditions such as intermenstrual bleeding.