What causes a white bump inside the mouth?

Generally, a white bump appearing in the mouth may be caused by normal anatomical structures, oral mucosal injury, candidiasis, oral ulcers, or lichen planus. If abnormalities are noticed, it is advisable to seek medical attention promptly. Specific analyses are as follows:

1. Normal anatomical structures

Sometimes, a white bump in the mouth may be a normal physiological structure, such as the opening of the parotid duct, which is located on the buccal mucosa opposite the occlusal surface of the upper second molar and appears as a small white elevation. No treatment is required, but maintaining good oral hygiene is important.

2. Oral mucosal injury

Injuries caused by biting, friction from broken tooth crowns, or wearing metal orthodontic braces can lead to mucosal damage due to prolonged irritation. This may result in local tissue hyperplasia, inflammation, ulceration, and formation of white scar tissue. Usually, no special treatment is needed.

3. Candidiasis

Candida species are part of the body's normal flora, but when immunity is reduced or after long-term use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, Candida may overgrow and cause infection. Infected mucosal areas develop white plaques or raised lesions, sometimes accompanied by mild pain or a burning sensation. Treatment may include antifungal medications such as nystatin tablets, fluconazole capsules, or itraconazole capsules, as directed by a physician.

4. Oral ulcers

Oral ulcers may be associated with local trauma (e.g., biting), vitamin deficiencies, or infections. The ulcer surface often develops a white or yellowish pseudomembrane and is commonly accompanied by localized pain or a burning sensation. Symptom relief can be achieved under medical guidance using oral ulcer lozenges, Bingbor powder, vitamin B2 tablets, etc.

5. Lichen planus

This condition is associated with genetic factors, autoimmune responses, and environmental triggers. Patients may develop white streaks or patches on the oral mucosa, sometimes accompanied by mild pain or a prickling sensation. Medications such as griseofulvin tablets, dapsone tablets, or hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets may be used under medical supervision to manage the condition.

It is recommended to maintain good oral hygiene practices, including regular use of dental floss and mouthwash. Additionally, maintaining a healthy diet and minimizing intake of spicy or irritating foods is advised.