What are the causes and treatment methods for extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures?

Supracondylar humerus fractures of the extension type are common elbow injuries, primarily occurring at the distal end of the humerus near the elbow joint. These fractures are typically caused by factors such as falls, muscle traction, trauma, indirect violence, or osteoporosis. If there is any suspicion of injury, it is recommended to seek medical consultation promptly. A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Falls

This is the most common cause. When a person falls and lands on an outstretched hand, the force from the ground travels up the forearm to the elbow joint, resulting in a fracture just above the humeral condyle. For non-displaced or stable fractures, treatment may include immobilization using a sling or plaster cast to maintain stability at the fracture site and prevent further damage.

2. Muscle Traction

Sudden, forceful muscle contraction can generate strong pulling forces on the bone, particularly near growth plates, potentially leading to fractures. Mild fractures caused by muscle traction can often be managed conservatively with treatments such as casting.

3. Trauma

Fractures may result from high-impact events such as falling from a height, motor vehicle accidents, or collisions during intense physical activity. When the elbow is extended or slightly flexed, direct impact can lead to fracture. Significantly displaced fractures often require closed or open reduction with internal fixation surgery, followed by appropriate bracing and rehabilitation exercises.

4. Indirect Violence

Even without direct impact to the elbow, indirect forces transmitted through the limb can still cause this type of fracture. Depending on the type and severity of the fracture, surgical intervention may be necessary, involving fixation with plates, screws, or intramedullary nails, along with subsequent physical therapy to promote recovery.

5. Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis involves reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, increasing bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures and pain. Symptoms can be managed under medical guidance with medications such as vitamin D2 calcium lactate tablets, alendronate sodium tablets, or zoledronic acid injection.

It is recommended to engage in regular exercise, maintain a balanced diet, and support overall bone health. Additionally, safety precautions should be taken during physical activities, including proper warm-up and stretching before and after exercise.