What causes small red bumps that are particularly itchy?

Skin rashes presenting as small red bumps with intense itching are commonly caused by insect bites, dry skin, eczema, folliculitis, or scabies. If symptoms persist or worsen, prompt medical attention is recommended. Below is a detailed analysis:

1. Insect Bites

Insect saliva contains toxins that, when injected into the skin during a bite, trigger a localized inflammatory reaction, leading to redness, swelling, and itching. Topical treatments such as calamine lotion, mometasone furoate cream, or essential balm (e.g., Fengyoujing) can help soothe the skin and reduce inflammation. It is important to keep the skin clean and avoid scratching.

2. Dry Skin

The skin surface is protected by a lipid barrier. When this barrier is compromised or when moisture evaporates too quickly, the skin becomes dry and prone to tiny cracks, which can stimulate nerve endings and cause itching. Maintaining skin hydration with moisturizing lotions or creams—such as glycerin or urea ointment—can help restore the skin’s natural barrier function.

3. Eczema

Eczema may be triggered by genetic or environmental factors, resulting in impaired skin barrier function. This allows irritants to penetrate the skin, causing inflammation, bumps, and itching. Symptoms may include dryness and weeping lesions. Treatment may include topical corticosteroids such as desonide cream or hydrocortisone cream, along with antihistamines like cetirizine tablets, under medical supervision. Keeping the skin clean and dry and avoiding contact with irritants is also essential.

4. Folliculitis

When the skin is not thoroughly cleansed, excess oil and dead skin cells can clog hair follicles, promoting bacterial growth and leading to follicular inflammation, resulting in itchy papules. Small pustules or mild pain may also occur. Maintaining good skin hygiene is crucial. A doctor may prescribe topical antibiotics such as erythromycin ointment, clindamycin phosphate gel, or mupirocin ointment for treatment if necessary.

5. Scabies

Scabies is a contagious skin disease caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It manifests as small red spots, papules, and burrows on the skin, accompanied by severe itching—often worse at night. Scratching may lead to skin excoriations and secondary infections. Treatment should be guided by a physician and may include acaricidal agents such as sulfur borax lotion or crotamiton cream, and oral antibiotics like azithromycin dispersible tablets. Personal hygiene and thorough disinfection of clothing and bedding are essential to prevent transmission.

It is advisable to maintain a healthy lifestyle with regular sleep patterns, adequate rest, a balanced diet, and proper skin care to support overall skin health.