What can be detected through anoscopy?

Generally, anoscopy can detect diseases such as internal hemorrhoids, external hemorrhoids, anal fistulas, proctitis, and rectal polyps.

1. Internal Hemorrhoids: Anoscopy allows clear visualization of the size, number, and location of internal hemorrhoids. Internal hemorrhoids are typically located above the dentate line and appear as dark red nodules or masses beneath the mucosa during anoscopy.

2. External Hemorrhoids: External hemorrhoids are located below the dentate line. Anoscopy usually helps confirm the extent of external hemorrhoids and identify complex situations such as the coexistence of external and internal hemorrhoids.

3. Anal Fistula: An anal fistula consists of an internal opening, fistulous tract, and external opening. During anoscopy, the internal opening of the fistula on the rectal wall can be observed, typically appearing as a small depression or inflamed, congested spot.

4. Proctitis: Patients with proctitis may show mucosal congestion and edema during anoscopy. The mucosal color may appear redder than normal, with possible exudate or punctate bleeding on the surface.

5. Rectal Polyps: Rectal polyps appear during anoscopy as elevated lesions on the rectal mucosal surface. Their color may be similar to or slightly redder than the surrounding mucosa, and their shapes can be spherical, hemispherical, or pedunculated.

Prior to undergoing anoscopy, patients should empty their bowels and maintain perianal cleanliness. During the examination, patients should remain relaxed to avoid excessive tension causing anal sphincter spasm, which may interfere with the procedure.