What tests are included in a full panel for sexually transmitted diseases?

　　In general, a full set of sexually transmitted disease (STD) tests includes syphilis serological testing, gonorrhea testing, HIV testing, genital warts testing, and genital herpes testing, with specific details as follows:

　　1. Syphilis Serological Testing

　　This includes non-treponemal antigen serological tests and treponemal antigen serological tests. Non-treponemal antigen serological tests detect anticardiolipin antibodies in the patient's serum, which appear early in syphilis infection and are used for syphilis screening and assessment of treatment effectiveness. Treponemal antigen serological tests detect specific antibodies against Treponema pallidum in the serum, which, once positive, typically remain positive for life and are used to confirm whether a patient has truly been infected with Treponema pallidum.

　　2. Gonorrhea Testing

　　This primarily involves smear tests and culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In smear tests, secretions from the urethra or cervix are smeared onto a slide, stained with Gram stain, and examined under a microscope. The presence of Gram-negative diplococci within polymorphonuclear leukocytes provides preliminary evidence of gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture is generally considered the gold standard for diagnosing gonorrhea, enabling accurate identification of the bacteria. It is especially important for patients with mild or asymptomatic infections and those requiring antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

　　3. HIV Testing

　　This mainly involves HIV antibody testing and nucleic acid testing. HIV antibody testing detects HIV antibodies in the blood, which the immune system produces in response to viral infection. HIV nucleic acid testing directly detects viral RNA or DNA in the blood, allowing earlier detection of HIV infection and is typically used for early diagnosis and monitoring disease progression.

　　4. Genital Warts Testing

　　This primarily involves the acetic acid white test and histopathological examination. In the acetic acid white test, a 3%-5% acetic acid solution is applied to the suspected lesion, and after 3-5 minutes, whitening of the skin or mucosa suggests possible genital warts. Histopathological examination involves obtaining a tissue sample via surgical excision or biopsy and examining it under a microscope. Characteristic histopathological features of genital warts include parakeratosis, acanthosis, and papillomatous hyperplasia, which can confirm the diagnosis.

　　5. Genital Herpes Testing

　　This mainly involves viral culture, antigen detection, and nucleic acid testing. Viral culture is the gold standard for diagnosing genital herpes. Samples are taken from the base of vesicles for culture, and isolation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) confirms the diagnosis. Antigen detection uses immunofluorescence or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HSV antigens at the lesion site. Nucleic acid testing detects HSV DNA and can be used for early diagnosis and detection of asymptomatic infections.

　　In summary, each type of STD testing has its own characteristics. If needed, testing should be performed under the guidance of a physician.