What causes lymph node enlargement in newborns?

Generally, neonatal lymphadenopathy may be caused by growth and development manifestations, reactive hyperplasia, congenital infections, neonatal sepsis, or congenital immune system hypoplasia. Symptomatic management through general treatment, medication, or gene therapy may be required. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to seek timely medical advice and undergo appropriate treatments under a doctor's guidance. A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Growth and Development Manifestations

After birth, the reticuloendothelial system in newborns is generally more active, often stimulating lymph nodes to swell. This commonly occurs in areas such as behind the ears, at the back of the head, and in the neck. Usually, this is a common physiological phenomenon without accompanying symptoms and does not require special treatment. The lymphadenopathy typically resolves gradually as the newborn grows and develops.

2. Reactive Hyperplasia

During the development of the neonatal immune system, excessive reactions to certain stimuli might occur, leading to reactive hyperplasia and subsequent lymph node enlargement. This condition is usually temporary and does not require specific treatment, although close monitoring of changes in the lymph nodes is necessary.

3. Congenital Infections

Infections such as cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, or rubella virus may be transmitted from the mother to the fetus via the placenta during pregnancy, resulting in neonatal lymphadenopathy. It is recommended to follow medical advice and treat with medications such as ganciclovir injection, acyclovir tablets, or acetylspiramycin tablets.

4. Neonatal Sepsis

This is a severe systemic infection where pathogens enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, possibly causing multiple lymphadenopathy. It is recommended to follow medical instructions and use medications such as ceftriaxone sodium for injection, ampicillin capsules, or gentamicin sulfate for injection to alleviate symptoms.

5. Congenital Immune System Hypoplasia

Due to genetic factors, neonates may have underdeveloped immune systems, reducing their defense against pathogens and making them susceptible to various infections, which can lead to lymphadenopathy. It is recommended to follow medical advice and use gene therapy to introduce normal genes into the patient's body to replace missing or abnormal genes. Additionally, enhancing the newborn's nutrition and care to improve immunity is advised.

Swollen lymph nodes may cause discomfort in newborns. Parents are advised to comfort the baby as much as possible through gentle patting, hugging, and speaking softly to make the baby feel comfortable and secure.