How to determine body temperature without a thermometer

In general, without a thermometer, one can assess body temperature by touching the forehead and cheeks, observing skin color, checking breath temperature, sensing body warmth or coolness, and observing mental status and behavior. If feeling unwell, it is recommended to seek medical attention promptly and follow the guidance of a physician for appropriate treatment. Specific methods are as follows:

1. Touching the forehead and cheeks: When the body is发热 (feverish), the skin temperature, especially on the head and face, usually rises. Using the back of one's own hand to touch the forehead or cheeks of oneself or another person, if the forehead or cheeks feel warm or hot, it is likely a fever.

2. Observing skin color: During a fever, surface blood vessels may dilate and circulation accelerates, potentially causing the skin to appear flushed. Observing the skin color of oneself or another person can help assess body temperature.

3. Checking breath temperature: Normally, the temperature of exhaled air is similar to the skin temperature. If the exhaled breath feels hot, it may indicate an elevated body temperature. One can place a hand in front of the mouth and nose to feel the temperature of the exhaled air.

4. Sensing body warmth or coolness: When body temperature rises, during the initial phase of temperature elevation, the body may experience chills, cold sensations, or even goosebumps. These symptoms can help determine whether body temperature is elevated.

5. Observing mental status and behavior: Fever can cause fatigue, tiredness, and drowsiness. If one notices symptoms such as listlessness, lack of energy, increased sleepiness compared to usual, or significantly reduced activity levels in oneself or others, it may indicate a fever.

It is recommended to ensure adequate sleep and rest in daily life to help maintain bodily functions and reduce the likelihood of abnormal body temperature.