What diseases can be detected through bone marrow aspiration?

Generally, bone marrow puncture refers to a bone marrow aspiration procedure. Bone marrow aspiration can help diagnose conditions such as iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, thrombocytopenic purpura, and aplastic anemia. If experiencing any discomfort, timely medical consultation is recommended. Detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is usually caused by insufficient iron intake, poor absorption, or excessive loss of iron. During bone marrow aspiration, the bone marrow shows active or markedly active proliferation, with significant erythroid hyperplasia. However, the erythroblasts are small, with dense nuclear chromatin, scant cytoplasm, irregular cell margins, and show impaired hemoglobin formation.

2. Megaloblastic Anemia

Megaloblastic anemia is caused by deficiencies in folic acid or vitamin B12. During bone marrow aspiration, the bone marrow shows active or markedly active proliferation, with significant erythroid hyperplasia. However, the erythroblasts are large, with loose nuclear chromatin, abundant but unevenly developed cytoplasm.

3. Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders originating from hematopoietic stem cells. Bone marrow aspiration reveals an increased proportion of blasts in the bone marrow, along with dysplastic hematopoiesis in the red blood cell, granulocyte, or megakaryocyte lineages.

4. Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Thrombocytopenic purpura may be related to autoimmune factors, infections, genetic factors, etc. Bone marrow aspiration shows normal or increased numbers of megakaryocytes, but a decrease in platelet-producing megakaryocytes, along with a significant reduction in platelet count.

5. Aplastic Anemia

Aplastic anemia may be associated with chemical, physical, biological, or genetic factors. Bone marrow aspiration reveals hypoplastic or severely hypoplastic bone marrow, with marked reductions in granulocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes, along with a significant increase in the proportion of lymphocytes and non-hematopoietic cells.

In daily life, maintaining a balanced diet and adequate intake of essential nutrients such as iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 can help prevent anemia and other related diseases.