What are the risks associated with elevated apolipoprotein E levels?

Under normal circumstances, apolipoprotein E mainly participates in lipid metabolism and transport. Elevated levels may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cause liver damage, impair cognitive function, raise the likelihood of diabetes, and exacerbate chronic inflammatory responses. Detailed explanations are as follows:

1. Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases: Elevated apolipoprotein E can cause cholesterol metabolism disorders, promoting the deposition of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on blood vessel walls and gradually forming atherosclerotic plaques.

2. Induction of liver damage: Apolipoprotein E participates in lipid absorption and transport within the liver. Elevated levels can lead to excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, causing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the early stages, there may be no obvious discomfort, but as the condition progresses, symptoms such as dull pain in the upper right abdomen, fatigue, and loss of appetite may appear. Long-term consequences may include hepatitis and cirrhosis, which impair normal liver metabolic function.

3. Impairment of cognitive function: Elevated apolipoprotein E may interfere with lipid metabolism in the brain, affecting neuronal nutrient supply and signal transmission. Particularly in elderly individuals, this increases the risk of cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

4. Increased likelihood of diabetes: Elevated apolipoprotein E reduces insulin sensitivity, decreasing the body's efficiency in utilizing insulin and disrupting glucose regulation. Early signs may include significant post-meal blood sugar fluctuations and thirst. Without timely intervention, this may progress into type 2 diabetes over time.

5. Exacerbation of chronic inflammatory responses: Elevated apolipoprotein E may activate inflammatory factors in the body, such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukins, triggering chronic inflammation in areas such as blood vessels and the liver. This may manifest as recurrent low-grade fever and joint pain.

In daily life, it is recommended to limit intake of high-fat and high-sugar foods, such as fried foods and sweets. Additionally, engage in moderate exercise 3–5 times per week, such as brisk walking or jogging, and regularly monitor lipid levels to help maintain stable apolipoprotein E levels and reduce the risk of related diseases.