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How Does Hyperthyroidism Affect Female Fertility?

Sep 11, 2025 Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Yang Ziqi
Introduction
Hyperthyroidism, also known as thyrotoxicosis, generally affects female fertility through various mechanisms, including disruption of the menstrual cycle, interference with ovulation, impairment of the endometrial environment, increased risk of miscarriage, and effects on embryo implantation. Additionally, hyperthyroidism may cause systemic symptoms in females, such as palpitations and fatigue, which can indirectly affect overall physical condition.

Hyperthyroidism, also known as hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, generally affects female fertility through several mechanisms including disruption of the menstrual cycle, interference with ovulation, damage to the endometrial environment, increased risk of miscarriage, and impaired embryo implantation. The specific effects are analyzed as follows:

1. Disruption of the Menstrual Cycle

When hyperthyroidism occurs, excessive secretion of thyroid hormones interferes with the normal regulatory function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. This interference leads to imbalances in estrogen and progesterone secretion, resulting in menstrual cycle abnormalities such as prolonged, shortened, or absent menstrual cycles. Menstrual irregularities directly affect the timing of conception and reduce the likelihood of pregnancy.

2. Interference with Ovulation

Normal ovulation is a prerequisite for female fertility, and hyperthyroidism can impair ovarian ovulation. Excessive thyroid hormone can inhibit follicular development and maturation or cause abnormal follicular development, even leading to anovulation. Without the release of a mature egg, sperm cannot fertilize the egg, making conception difficult and directly affecting fertility.

3. Damage to the Endometrial Environment

The endometrium is a crucial site for embryo implantation, and hyperthyroidism can impair its normal condition. Hormonal imbalances can lead to abnormal thickening or thinning of the endometrium, preventing it from providing a suitable environment for embryo implantation. Even if an egg is released and fertilized, the embryo may struggle to implant successfully in the damaged endometrium, affecting conception.

4. Increased Risk of Miscarriage

Even if a woman with hyperthyroidism successfully conceives, the condition can negatively affect the pregnancy process. Excess thyroid hormone can disrupt the microenvironment necessary for embryonic development, impairing normal growth and increasing the risk of early miscarriage, thereby preventing the pregnancy from progressing smoothly.

5. Impaired Embryo Implantation

Hormonal disturbances caused by hyperthyroidism can also affect the interaction between the endometrium and the embryo. Reduced endometrial receptivity prevents proper compatibility with the embryo, lowering the success rate of embryo implantation. Even if an embryo forms, it may fail to implant, further impacting female fertility.

In addition, hyperthyroidism may cause systemic symptoms in women, such as palpitations and fatigue, indirectly affecting overall physical condition. Women should also pay attention to their thyroid function in daily life. If diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, timely treatment is required, and pregnancy should be considered only after the condition has stabilized.

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