What causes hydronephrosis and how is it treated?

Generally, the main causes of hydronephrosis include uterine compression during pregnancy, habitual urine retention, ureteral stones, ureteral stricture, and obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction. Depending on their specific condition, patients may choose appropriate management approaches such as conservative treatment, medication, or surgical intervention. A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Uterine Compression During Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the enlarging uterus can compress the ureters, obstructing urine drainage and leading to transient hydronephrosis. Symptoms usually resolve after childbirth when the uterus returns to its normal position. Regular monitoring of kidney function is recommended during pregnancy, along with avoiding excessive fluid intake and frequently changing body positions to reduce pressure.

2. Habitual Urine Retention

Chronic urine retention increases bladder pressure, causing urine to reflux into the kidneys and resulting in hydronephrosis. It's important to develop a habit of regular urination, avoid holding urine, maintain daily fluid intake between 1500–2000 mL, and ensure smooth urinary flow.

3. Ureteral Stones

Stones blocking the ureter prevent normal urine excretion, leading to urine accumulation in the kidneys and hydronephrosis. Under medical guidance, medications such as Shitai Granules, Jinshi Tong Granules, or Potassium Sodium Citrate Granules may be used to facilitate stone passage. For larger stones, ureteroscopic lithotripsy and stone extraction may be required.

4. Ureteral Stricture

Congenital defects or acquired inflammation can cause ureteral narrowing, obstructing urine outflow and causing hydronephrosis. Mild cases may be managed with antibiotics such as Amoxicillin Capsules, Cefuroxime Axetil Tablets, or Levofloxacin Tablets under medical supervision to prevent infection. Severe cases may require ureteral balloon dilation procedures.

5. Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Narrowing or blockage at the junction between the renal pelvis and ureter leads to urine retention and hydronephrosis. Prompt medical attention is necessary, typically involving pyeloplasty surgery. Postoperative follow-up should include regular kidney function tests and avoidance of strenuous physical activity.

In daily life, it is important to develop healthy urination habits and avoid holding urine; undergo regular health check-ups to detect urinary system abnormalities early; maintain balanced fluid intake to avoid both excessive and insufficient hydration; and actively treat urinary tract infections to prevent disease progression.