What are the commonly used chemotherapy drugs in oncology?

Commonly used chemotherapy drugs in oncology include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, plant alkaloids, and targeted therapy drugs. The selection depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's physical condition. If severe reactions such as vomiting or bone marrow suppression occur after medication, the attending physician should be informed immediately.

1. Alkylating agents: Such as cyclophosphamide and mechlorethamine, these drugs inhibit cancer cell proliferation by damaging DNA structure. They are commonly used for lymphoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, etc. Side effects may include nausea and hair loss. Regular blood tests are required to monitor for damage to normal cells.

2. Antimetabolites: Such as fluorouracil and methotrexate, these interfere with nucleic acid synthesis in cancer cells to block their growth. They are suitable for gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, leukemia, etc. Possible side effects include oral ulcers and diarrhea. Oral hygiene and dietary adjustments should be emphasized during treatment.

3. Antitumor antibiotics: Such as doxorubicin and bleomycin, these work by inhibiting RNA synthesis in cancer cells and are used for liver cancer, lymphoma, lung cancer, etc. They may affect heart or lung function; therefore, regular organ function assessments are necessary.

4. Plant alkaloids: Such as vincristine and paclitaxel, these inhibit mitosis in cancer cells to prevent spread. They are effective against breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, etc. Neurotoxicity may occur, causing numbness in hands and feet. Patients should pay attention to changes in limb sensation and report them to the doctor promptly.

5. Targeted therapy drugs: Such as imatinib and trastuzumab, these precisely target specific molecules on cancer cells and are used for gastric cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, etc. Side effects are generally milder but may include rash and diarrhea. Medication must be taken regularly according to the prescribed course, and patients should not discontinue treatment without consultation.

Daily care should include adequate rest, a light yet nutritious diet to alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort caused by medications, attention to oral and skin hygiene, regular follow-up tests including complete blood count and liver/kidney function, and timely communication with the doctor if any adverse reactions occur, so that treatment plans can be adjusted accordingly.