What are the hallmark symptoms of COPD?

COPD usually refers to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The hallmark symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include chronic cough, sputum production, progressive dyspnea, chest tightness, and wheezing. These symptoms are typically long-lasting and worsen over time, serving as key indicators for diagnosis and assessment of the disease. If persistent cough with sputum or shortness of breath after physical activity occurs, timely medical evaluation is recommended.

1. Chronic cough: This is often the initial symptom, most noticeable upon waking in the morning, though some patients may experience paroxysmal cough at night. Initially intermittent, the cough can become persistent as the disease progresses. It is usually accompanied by sputum expectoration, although some patients may have only a dry cough.

2. Sputum production: The sputum is typically white mucous or serous frothy secretions, with larger volumes produced in the morning. When infection occurs, the sputum may turn yellow or green and become purulent, with a significant increase in volume. Some patients may notice small amounts of blood streaks in their sputum.

3. Progressive dyspnea: This is a classic and characteristic symptom of COPD. Initially occurring during physical exertion (such as climbing stairs or brisk walking), it gradually worsens such that breathlessness may develop during routine daily activities (like dressing or washing) or even at rest as lung function declines.

4. Chest tightness and shortness of breath: Patients often feel chest constriction and labored breathing, especially after physical activity or emotional fluctuations. Symptoms may briefly improve with rest. This is related to ventilation insufficiency caused by airway narrowing and airflow limitation, and in severe cases, it can significantly impair daily functioning.

5. Wheezing: During acute exacerbations, patients may develop prominent wheezing accompanied by a sensation of chest fullness and increased respiratory rate. Some patients may exhibit audible wheezes on lung auscultation. Exacerbations are commonly triggered by infections or exposure to cold air, requiring prompt intervention.

In daily care, patients should quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke, stay away from irritants such as dust and fumes, perform prescribed breathing exercises, maintain warmth to prevent respiratory infections, follow a regular作息 schedule to enhance immunity, and seek medical attention promptly if symptoms worsen.