What does it mean when gallstones are impacted?

Cholecystolithiasis impaction refers to the condition where gallstones move into the cystic duct or neck of the gallbladder, become lodged, and block these narrow passages, preventing bile from draining properly. This obstruction leads to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and a series of related symptoms. If sudden, severe pain in the upper right abdomen occurs and persists, immediate medical attention is recommended.

The cystic duct and gallbladder neck are key channels for bile outflow from the gallbladder and have relatively narrow lumens. During gallbladder contraction or changes in body position, smaller stones may move with the bile flow into these passages. When the stone's diameter exceeds that of the lumen, it can become trapped, causing complete or partial obstruction of bile drainage.

After impaction, bile accumulates within the gallbladder, increasing internal pressure. This stimulates the gallbladder wall, triggering intense spasmodic pain known as biliary colic. Additionally, bile stasis creates an environment conducive to bacterial growth, potentially leading to acute cholecystitis accompanied by fever and nausea. If the obstruction remains unresolved for a prolonged period, serious complications such as gallbladder gangrene or perforation may occur.

In daily life, maintaining a low-fat diet, avoiding overeating (which can trigger strong gallbladder contractions), eating regular meals to promote consistent bile drainage, engaging in moderate exercise, managing body weight, and undergoing regular follow-up examinations to monitor changes in stone size and position can help reduce the risk of stone movement and impaction.