What are the clinical manifestations of eating disorders?

Eating disorders are characterized by clinical manifestations such as abnormal eating behaviors, abnormal body weight, distorted body image perception, endocrine dysfunction, and emotional and behavioral disturbances. Symptoms often persist and significantly impact both physical and mental health. If related symptoms arise, it is recommended to seek medical evaluation promptly for accurate diagnosis and intervention.

1. Abnormal eating behaviors: These include excessive dieting, binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, overly restrictive control over food quantity and type during meals. Some patients may avoid eating in public, hide food, or engage in secretive eating episodes.

2. Abnormal body weight: Patients with anorexia nervosa typically have body weights far below normal standards and show obvious emaciation; those with bulimia nervosa may have normal or elevated body weight, but experience rapid weight fluctuations, accompanied by signs of malnutrition such as fatigue and hair loss.

3. Distorted body image perception: Patients hold a false perception of their body shape, believing themselves to be overweight even when underweight. They excessively focus on changes in weight and body shape, frequently weigh themselves or check their appearance in mirrors, and experience intense anxiety related to body image.

4. Endocrine dysfunction: In females, this may manifest as amenorrhea or menstrual irregularities; in males, decreased libido. Adolescents may experience delayed development. Additional issues may include blood glucose fluctuations, electrolyte imbalances, and thyroid dysfunction.

5. Emotional and behavioral abnormalities: Common negative emotions include anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Some patients exhibit obsessive behaviors, such as repeatedly checking food calorie content, or display social withdrawal, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.

Provide patients with a supportive and understanding communication environment, avoiding negative comments about weight or body shape. Offer balanced, nutritious food choices and maintain regular meal routines. Encourage moderate physical activity to help establish healthy body image perceptions and lifestyle habits.