What are the side effects of medications for bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder medications may cause side effects while exerting therapeutic effects. Common manifestations include gastrointestinal discomfort, neurological reactions, metabolic abnormalities, emotional and cognitive impacts, and skin or mucosal reactions. A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Gastrointestinal discomfort: Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite are common during the initial phase of medication use. Some individuals may also experience bloating, diarrhea, or constipation. These symptoms are usually temporary and tend to gradually subside as the body adapts. Taking medication on an empty stomach may worsen these discomforts.

2. Neurological reactions: Commonly include dizziness, headache, and drowsiness. Some patients may develop hand tremors or limb shaking, particularly noticeable during fine motor activities. In rare cases, blurred vision or difficulty concentrating may occur, affecting daily work and study efficiency.

3. Metabolic abnormalities: Certain medications may lead to weight gain, associated with increased appetite or altered metabolic rate. In some cases, abnormal blood glucose or lipid levels may occur, requiring regular monitoring of relevant indicators. Dietary adjustments and moderate physical activity can help manage these changes.

4. Emotional and cognitive effects: Some patients may experience mood fluctuations, such as mild anxiety or low mood, or cognitive issues like slowed responsiveness or temporary memory decline. These side effects are typically mild and related to the drug's regulation of neurotransmitters.

5. Skin and mucosal reactions: Dry or itchy skin is relatively common, with a few individuals developing rashes, mostly mild allergic reactions. Certain medications may cause dry mouth or oral ulcers; maintaining good oral hygiene and staying hydrated can help alleviate these symptoms.

Side effects vary significantly among individuals in both type and severity. Patients should promptly communicate their experiences to their doctors and must not discontinue or adjust medication doses on their own. Maintaining regular sleep patterns and a balanced diet can help reduce the burden of medication-related side effects.