What are the surgical treatment options for dry eye syndrome?

Dry eye syndrome can be treated surgically through procedures such as punctal occlusion, tarsorrhaphy, lacrimal stimulation surgery, ocular surface reconstruction, and meibomian gland function restoration. The choice of procedure depends on the underlying cause and severity of the patient's condition. If dry eye symptoms continue to worsen or do not respond to medication, timely medical evaluation for surgical indications is recommended.

1. Punctal Occlusion: This involves blocking the puncta to reduce tear drainage, thereby prolonging the retention time of tears on the ocular surface and alleviating dry eye caused by insufficient tear production. It is minimally invasive with rapid recovery, suitable for mild to moderate cases.

2. Tarsorrhaphy: Partial or complete suturing of the upper and lower eyelids reduces the exposed ocular surface area and slows tear evaporation. It is indicated for patients with severe dry eye or a high risk of corneal exposure.

3. Lacrimal Stimulation Surgery: This procedure stimulates lacrimal gland function surgically to increase tear production, improving dry eye due to severe tear deficiency. Careful assessment of the patient’s lacrimal gland functional reserve is required before surgery.

4. Ocular Surface Reconstruction: This involves repairing damaged ocular surface epithelium or conjunctival tissue to restore the ocular surface barrier function and reduce tear loss. It is suitable for patients with dry eye associated with ocular surface injury.

5. Meibomian Gland Function Restoration: This procedure clears blocked meibomian gland ducts and improves glandular secretion, relieving evaporative dry eye due to lipid deficiency. Postoperative warm compresses and lid hygiene are often recommended to enhance outcomes.

After surgery, maintain ocular moisture and avoid dryness or irritation. Follow medical instructions for medication to prevent infection, minimize prolonged eye use and exposure to bright light, clean the eyelid margins regularly, and support recovery with a diet rich in vitamins and essential fatty acids.