What is scleral staphyloma?

Scleral staphyloma is a cyst-like protrusion caused by localized thinning and outward bulging of the sclera. It is commonly triggered by chronically elevated intraocular pressure or intrinsic scleral disease. If the optic nerve is involved, vision can be severely affected. Early detection and timely intervention are crucial for effective management. Detailed analysis is as follows:

The condition primarily arises from structural damage to the sclera. Persistently elevated intraocular pressure due to glaucoma, or conditions such as scleritis and ocular trauma that compromise scleral integrity, can lead to localized thinning. This weakened area becomes unable to withstand internal eye pressure, resulting in outward protrusion. Lesions frequently occur in structurally weak regions of the sclera, most commonly at the equatorial or posterior pole. Patients may experience decreased vision, visual distortion, and in some cases, symptoms such as eye discomfort and headache.

Diagnosis requires comprehensive eye examinations, including ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT), to determine the location, extent of protrusion, and associated fundus changes. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause and reinforcing the sclera. In glaucoma patients, reducing intraocular pressure is the first priority. When the staphyloma is significant, surgical reinforcement of the sclera may be necessary to prevent further progression and preserve remaining visual function.

Routine management includes proactive control of conditions affecting intraocular pressure and regular eye check-ups, especially for individuals with glaucoma or scleritis. Avoiding ocular trauma and high-impact physical activities is recommended. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule and avoiding excessive eye strain are also important preventive measures.