How to determine if someone has a sexually transmitted disease

Generally, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), as infectious diseases primarily spread through sexual contact, present external signs including abnormal discharge, genital ulcers, painful urination, inguinal lymphadenopathy, and skin or mucosal lesions. A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Abnormal discharge: In the early stages of STDs, abnormal genital discharge is common. Pus-like, white, or blood-tinged fluid with a foul odor may emerge from the male urethral opening or female vagina. The volume often increases suddenly, leaving noticeable stains on underwear, especially at night or upon waking. As the disease progresses, the discharge may turn yellow-green and contain blood streaks.

2. Genital ulcers: One or more ulcers appear at the site of contact, with elevated edges and moist bases that bleed easily upon touch. The surface may be covered with pus-like exudate, accompanied by dull pain or itching. After healing, light-colored scars often remain. Ulcers lasting longer than two weeks without crusting should raise high suspicion.

3. Painful urination: Pathogens invading the urethral mucosa cause a distinct burning sensation during urination. The urinary stream may become thinner or split, and frequency increases sharply—especially at night. Some patients reduce fluid intake due to fear of pain, which worsens urine concentration and further irritation.

4. Inguinal lymphadenopathy: One to two weeks after infection, firm nodules ranging in size from a soybean to a pigeon egg develop in the unilateral or bilateral groin area. These are tough, mobile, and tender, with slightly reddened overlying skin. If abscess formation occurs later, they become fluctuant and may rupture to form fistulas that continuously discharge pus.

5. Skin and mucosal lesions: Non-itchy rose-colored macules may suddenly appear on the trunk, palms, or soles. Milky-white pseudomembranes may form in the oral cavity or pharynx, bleeding when wiped. In women, cervical congestion may resemble a "strawberry cervix"; in men, circumferential redness and swelling may occur at the coronal sulcus. These lesions often worsen at night and may be accompanied by low-grade fever.

To prevent transmission, avoid multiple sexual partners, consistently use protective barriers correctly, and do not share personal hygiene items. If any of the above symptoms appear, sexual activity should be stopped immediately. Both partners should undergo medical evaluation simultaneously, complete full-course prescribed treatments, and refrain from alcohol, staying up late, and consuming spicy or irritating foods until fully recovered, to minimize risks of recurrence and covert transmission.