What are the four characteristics of vulnerable plaques?

Unstable plaques are characterized by four main features: thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells, and intraplaque neovascularization. These characteristics are key indicators for assessing the risk of plaque rupture. If underlying conditions such as hypertension or hyperlipidemia are present, regular health check-ups to monitor vascular health are recommended, and medical attention should be sought promptly if any symptoms arise.

1. Thin fibrous cap: The fibrous cap covering the plaque is thin and contains little collagen, resulting in poor mechanical stability. It is prone to rupture under hemodynamic stress or blood pressure fluctuations, leading to thrombus formation. This is one of the core features of vulnerable plaques.

2. Large lipid core: The plaque contains a large lipid-rich core composed primarily of cholesterol crystals and other lipids. This ongoing lipid accumulation destabilizes the fibrous cap, promotes further plaque growth, and reduces overall plaque stability.

3. Extensive inflammatory cell infiltration: A large number of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes infiltrate the plaque. Chronic inflammation degrades the fibrous cap, promotes lipid deposition, accelerates plaque progression, and increases the likelihood of rupture.

4. Intraplaque neovascularization: Fragile new blood vessels form within the plaque. These immature vessels are prone to rupture and hemorrhage, which can cause intraplaque hematoma and tearing of the fibrous cap, potentially triggering acute cardiovascular events.

To maintain vascular health and stability, it is important to keep blood pressure, lipid levels, and blood glucose within normal ranges, quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption, reduce intake of high-fat, high-salt, and high-sugar foods, engage in regular physical activity, maintain a healthy body weight, and avoid excessive fatigue and emotional stress.