What is endometrial tuberculosis?

Endometrial tuberculosis is an inflammation of the endometrium caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and it is a common type of female genital tuberculosis. It usually occurs secondary to tuberculosis in other parts of the body and, if not treated promptly, may lead to serious reproductive health problems. A detailed analysis is as follows:

The disease primarily spreads via hematogenous (blood-borne) transmission, although a minority of cases result from direct extension or lymphatic spread. Mycobacterium tuberculosis usually originates from primary foci in the lungs, kidneys, bones, or other sites, reaching the endometrium through the bloodstream where it establishes infection and multiplies, thereby damaging endometrial tissue. Symptoms are often subtle in the early stages. As the disease progresses, menstrual abnormalities such as reduced menstrual flow or prolonged periods may occur, along with systemic manifestations including low-grade fever, night sweats, and lower abdominal pain. The main impact of endometrial tuberculosis is on the reproductive system—Mycobacterium tuberculosis can damage the basal layer of the endometrium, leading to intrauterine adhesions and amenorrhea, and in severe cases, infertility.

In daily life, BCG vaccination can reduce the risk of tuberculosis infection. Individuals with a history of tuberculosis or close contact with tuberculosis patients should undergo regular medical check-ups. Prompt medical attention upon the appearance of suspected symptoms allows for early intervention, which effectively minimizes tissue damage, preserves reproductive function, and protects women's health.