What are the symptoms of early-stage intestinal tuberculosis?

Generally, intestinal tuberculosis—caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis invading the gastrointestinal tract—presents initially with symptoms related to intestinal dysfunction, mainly including abdominal pain and bloating, bowel disturbances, low-grade fever with night sweats, loss of appetite, and abdominal tenderness. A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Abdominal pain and bloating: Early symptoms often include dull pain in the lower abdomen or right lower quadrant. The pain is usually mild and intermittent, worsening after eating or before defecation, and relieved afterward. A sensation of abdominal fullness commonly accompanies the pain, particularly becoming more noticeable after meals.

2. Bowel disturbances: Changes in bowel habits are common. Some patients develop diarrhea, with 2–4 bowel movements per day, typically passing loose or semi-formed stools without pus or blood. Others may experience alternating episodes of diarrhea and constipation, a pattern prone to recurrence.

3. Low-grade fever and night sweats: Active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection triggers a mild inflammatory response. Patients frequently develop low-grade fevers in the afternoon, with body temperature ranging between 37.3°C and 38°C. Marked night sweats occur during sleep, often resulting in damp clothing upon waking, accompanied by mild fatigue.

4. Loss of appetite: Gastrointestinal discomfort impairs digestive function, leading to reduced appetite and diminished interest in food. Food intake decreases, and some patients intentionally eat less due to postprandial abdominal pain. Mild weight loss may occur early in the disease.

5. Abdominal tenderness: When the lower abdomen or right lower quadrant is pressed, some patients exhibit mild, localized tenderness. The tenderness is fixed in location, without rebound tenderness or muscle rigidity, corresponding roughly to the site of intestinal involvement.

Early symptoms of intestinal tuberculosis are easily confused with those of common gastrointestinal disorders. Individuals with a history of tuberculosis or close contact with TB patients should remain vigilant. Prompt medical evaluation is essential when symptoms appear. Once diagnosed, patients should follow medical guidance for standardized anti-tuberculosis treatment. Additionally, maintaining good dietary hygiene and avoiding raw, cold, or irritating foods is recommended.