What does a negative or positive nucleic acid test for COVID-19 mean?

In general, a positive nucleic acid test result for COVID-19 indicates detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while a negative result means the virus was not detected or is present at extremely low levels. Both results should be interpreted in light of individual circumstances. Detailed analysis is as follows:

Nucleic acid testing involves collecting respiratory specimens to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material. A positive result indicates viral RNA has been found in the specimen, suggesting a current possible infection. Individuals must follow required isolation, observation, or treatment protocols. Even asymptomatic carriers who feel well should take preventive measures to avoid spreading the virus.

A negative result means no viral nucleic acid was detected, indicating a high likelihood of no infection, but it cannot completely rule out infection. During the window period of infection, when viral load is below the test's detection limit, false-negative results may occur. In addition, improper sampling techniques or inadequate specimen storage can also affect test accuracy. Individuals with clear exposure history or suspected symptoms should undergo retesting after 24–48 hours.

Regardless of test results, individuals should maintain daily protective practices such as wearing masks, frequent handwashing, and avoiding crowded places. Those testing positive should actively comply with public health measures, while those testing negative should remain vigilant and strengthen their immune systems.