What disease causes the lungs to appear cotton-like?

Lung imaging showing a cotton-like appearance is an abnormal finding, often indicating diffuse lung disease. Common conditions include interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and viral pneumonia, which require further diagnosis based on symptoms and additional tests. If accompanied by persistent cough, chest tightness, or difficulty breathing, prompt medical evaluation is recommended to determine the underlying cause.

1. Interstitial Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lung's interstitial tissue leads to diffuse infiltration, appearing as cotton-like changes on imaging. It commonly presents with dry cough and progressive shortness of breath. Treatment primarily involves corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressive agents, along with oxygen therapy to improve ventilation.

2. Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Diffuse lung lesions caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection may present with low-grade fever, night sweats, and hemoptysis. Standard anti-tuberculosis drug combination therapy is used, following the principles of early initiation, combination treatment, appropriate dosage, regularity, and full course completion.

3. Pulmonary Fibrosis: Fibrotic destruction of lung tissue results in reticular or cotton-like patterns on imaging, accompanied by chest tightness and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on antifibrotic medications and pulmonary rehabilitation; in severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.

4. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Lung inflammation triggered by allergen exposure in sensitized individuals. During acute phases, imaging may show patchy, hazy shadows resembling cotton-like opacities. Management requires removal from the allergen source and use of corticosteroids to reduce inflammatory response.

5. Viral Pneumonia: Diffuse lung inflammation caused by infections such as influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2 appears on imaging as ground-glass opacities or cotton-like changes. Treatment mainly involves antiviral medications, along with symptomatic management including cough relief, oxygen therapy, and supportive care.

Daily measures should include smoking cessation and avoidance of secondhand smoke, dust, and allergens. Maintain indoor ventilation and optimal humidity, engage in moderate, gentle exercise to strengthen lung function, consume a diet rich in high-quality protein and vitamins, and maintain regular sleep patterns to avoid fatigue—supporting overall lung health and recovery.