What are the side effects of isoniazid and rifampin?

　　Isoniazid and rifampicin are commonly used drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis. Their side effects mainly include liver function impairment, gastrointestinal discomfort, hematological abnormalities, allergic reactions, and neurological symptoms. Immediate medical attention is required if persistent jaundice, severe rash, prolonged high fever, or altered consciousness occur.

　　1. Liver function impairment: Both medications can affect hepatocyte metabolism, leading to elevated transaminase levels. Some patients may experience fatigue, loss of appetite, and yellowing of the skin or sclera. Regular liver function monitoring is necessary for those on long-term therapy.

　　2. Gastrointestinal discomfort: Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or bloating, which typically appear early in treatment due to drug irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Symptoms may worsen when taken on an empty stomach.

　　3. Hematological abnormalities: These drugs may cause reductions in white blood cells and platelets, resulting in decreased immunity and increased bleeding tendency. A few patients may develop anemia. Regular complete blood count tests are recommended during treatment.

　　4. Allergic reactions: Skin rashes are relatively common, often presenting as maculopapular eruptions or urticaria. In severe cases, laryngeal edema and respiratory distress may occur, and anaphylactic shock has been reported in rare instances.

　　5. Neurological symptoms: Isoniazid may induce peripheral neuritis, manifesting as numbness or reduced sensation in hands and feet. Rifampicin may occasionally cause headache, dizziness, or insomnia, with higher risks associated with excessive dosages.

　　Daily care should include adequate hydration to promote drug metabolism, a light and easily digestible diet, and avoidance of spicy or greasy foods. Maintain regular sleep patterns and avoid staying up late to reduce additional strain on the liver. Strictly follow medical instructions regarding medication; do not adjust the dosage or discontinue treatment without guidance.