What are the concept and symptoms of tennis elbow?

Tennis elbow, medically known as lateral epicondylitis, is an aseptic inflammation occurring at the site where the common extensor tendon of the forearm attaches to the elbow. It is typically caused by long-term repetitive muscle strain leading to tendon damage. Typical symptoms include pain on the outer side of the elbow, radiating pain extending to the forearm or wrist, increased pain when lifting heavy objects or twisting motions, restricted elbow movement, and significant tenderness upon pressing specific areas of the elbow. If symptoms persist for more than one week and worsen, prompt medical evaluation is recommended.

1. Concept

The development of tennis elbow is closely related to chronic overuse. Not only tennis players but also individuals such as chefs, carpenters, and hairdressers—those who frequently perform repetitive forearm movements—are at higher risk. In the early stages, discomfort may begin as mild soreness, but as the condition progresses, pain intensifies and activities like wringing towels or lifting objects become noticeably difficult. Some patients may also experience swelling or tenderness around the elbow.

After diagnosis, it's important to avoid movements that trigger pain and reduce stress on the forearm muscles. Applying local heat therapy can improve blood circulation and relieve muscle tension. Gentle stretching exercises can enhance flexibility of the forearm muscles. During daily activities, maintaining proper posture, avoiding prolonged repetitive motions, and using elbow supports when necessary can provide protection and support.

2. Symptoms

1. Lateral elbow pain: The pain is often a persistent dull ache or sharp discomfort, worsening with activity and not significantly relieved by rest. Pain is primarily localized to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

2. Radiating pain to the forearm or wrist: Pain may spread from the outer forearm down to the back of the wrist. Daily actions such as making a fist or typing can provoke or exacerbate this radiating pain.

3. Increased pain during lifting or twisting motions: Activities requiring forceful use of the elbow—such as carrying items, wringing a towel, or turning a doorknob—can significantly increase pain, severely affecting daily function in advanced cases.

4. Limited elbow movement: Pain restricts the range of motion during elbow flexion, extension, or rotation. Some patients may feel mild stiffness, especially noticeable upon waking in the morning.

5. Marked tenderness at specific points on the elbow: Pressing on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus with a finger causes intense pain, while surrounding tissues exhibit relatively less tenderness.

For daily care, minimize excessive force on the elbow and avoid prolonged repetition of the same motion. Apply warm compresses to promote blood circulation, wear an elbow brace to support and protect the joint, prevent exposure to cold temperatures which may worsen symptoms, and perform gentle elbow stretching exercises to relieve muscle tension.