What are the common causes of pathological jaundice in newborns?

First, hemolytic disease of the newborn, caused by blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus.

Second, intrauterine or postnatal infection—jaundice resulting from hepatocellular dysfunction due to viral or bacterial infection, such as sepsis or neonatal hepatitis syndrome.

Third, perinatal factors—jaundice induced by birth trauma, ischemia, or hypoxia.

Fourth, intrahepatic biliary duct or extrahepatic biliary obstruction—commonly caused by inflammation or congenital biliary tract malformations.

Fifth, breast milk jaundice—a distinct type of pathological jaundice associated with breastfeeding.

In addition, other rare causes of pathological jaundice include drug-induced jaundice, various enzymatic deficiencies (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency), hereditary spherocytosis, galactosemia, and inherited metabolic disorders.