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All anesthesia carries inherent risks. Intravenous (IV) anesthesia involves administering anesthetic drugs directly into a vein, allowing them to circulate via the bloodstream and act upon the central nervous system to produce sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. IV anesthesia offers rapid induction, causes no airway irritation, and is technically straightforward—making it widely used in clinical anesthesia practice.

Currently, intravenous combined anesthesia is commonly employed. This approach typically includes sedative-hypnotic agents (e.g., propofol), opioid analgesics (e.g., fentanyl), and neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., atracurium). Because children’s physiological systems are still immature and because certain age groups of children often require higher per-kilogram doses of IV anesthetics than adults, the risk associated with anesthesia in pediatric patients is comparatively elevated.

Experienced anesthesiologists must prepare oxygen delivery equipment, patient monitoring devices, and a full array of emergency medications and airway management tools—including endotracheal intubation equipment—prior to initiating anesthesia, thereby minimizing potential risks.