What Causes Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss?

The exact cause and pathophysiology of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) remain unclear; however, two primary theories have been proposed:

1. Viral infection theory: Many patients report a recent history of upper respiratory tract infection (e.g., common cold) prior to onset, or develop SSNHL during periods of physical fatigue, exposure to cold, or other conditions associated with compromised immune function. Serological testing often reveals positive results for various viruses.

2. Inner ear vascular insufficiency theory: This theory posits that idiopathic hearing loss may result from thrombosis or embolism obstructing the sole blood supply to the inner ear, thereby precipitating hearing loss.

Current treatment for SSNHL is primarily pharmacological, typically involving corticosteroids to improve inner ear microcirculation and neurotrophic agents to support auditory nerve function.

For patients who respond poorly to medical therapy and show no hearing improvement after three months, hearing aids may be considered.