How is ureteral calculus treated?

Ureteral calculi (ureteral stones) constitute a relatively common urological disorder. Patients with ureteral stones typically experience severe pain and are prone to complications such as urinary tract obstruction and urinary tract infection. If left untreated, ureteral stones may lead to hydronephrosis or pyonephrosis, causing irreversible renal damage. So, how are ureteral stones treated? Below, we address this question.

How Are Ureteral Stones Treated?

1. Symptomatic Treatment 

The primary goal is controlling renal colic. Following definitive diagnosis, intramuscular injection of atropine combined with pethidine may be administered. Local heat application or acupuncture over the painful area may also be used. For tender areas in the lumbar region, subcutaneous procaine infiltration may be performed. Alternatively, nifedipine or indomethacin suppositories may be administered rectally. In patients with small stones, pharmacological stone expulsion therapy can be employed—facilitating spontaneous passage of stones via urine—with highly effective outcomes. Additionally, alkalizing agents may be used to slow stone growth and prevent formation of new stones.

2. General Measures

During summer months, increased perspiration leads to more concentrated urine. Failure to promptly replenish lost fluids may cause urinary salts to reach supersaturation, promoting crystal deposition and subsequent stone formation. Higher urine concentration correlates with greater risk of stone development. Therefore, increasing fluid intake boosts urine volume, enhancing the flushing effect on stones and facilitating their passage. For patients with small stones, engaging in jumping-type physical activities may further assist stone expulsion.

3. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

For patients with larger stones, surgical intervention may be required. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) represents one of the most effective treatment options. It utilizes focused shock waves to fragment stones into smaller particles, which are then naturally excreted in the urine. Following successful fragmentation, stones usually pass unobstructed through the urinary tract. However, prior to ESWL, comprehensive evaluation—including imaging of the urinary system and assessment of relevant functional parameters—is mandatory to ensure patient eligibility for this procedure.

The above outlines current approaches to treating ureteral stones. We hope this information proves helpful.