What does a routine semen analysis include?

To increase the chances of pregnancy, not only women but also men need to undergo medical examinations. So, what does a routine semen analysis include?

What Does a Routine Semen Analysis Include?

A standard semen analysis should evaluate the following parameters: semen volume, liquefaction time and degree, viscosity, sperm concentration (count), sperm motility (percentage of motile sperm), sperm vitality (progressive motility), sperm viability (survival capacity), and sperm morphology. For further assessment of sperm functional capacity, additional tests may be performed—including sperm penetration ability through cervical mucus and resistance to various chemical factors.

1. Semen Volume
Normal reference range: 2–5 mL.
A volume less than 1.5 mL after several days of abstinence is considered abnormal and may indicate pathology of the seminal vesicles or prostate gland. A severely reduced volume—only a few drops—or complete absence of ejaculate (known as aspermia) may occur in specific infections of the reproductive system, such as tuberculosis, gonorrhea, or nonspecific inflammation. Conversely, excessive semen volume (>8 mL per ejaculate) leads to sperm dilution and a consequent reduction in sperm concentration, potentially impairing fertility.

2. Color
Normal appearance: grayish-white or creamy white; a pale yellow hue may be observed after prolonged abstinence.
Yellow or brown, purulent semen suggests conditions such as seminal vesiculitis or prostatitis.
Bright red or dark red, blood-tinged semen indicates inflammation, tuberculosis, or neoplastic disease of the reproductive tract.

The above outlines the key components of a routine semen analysis. We hope this information is helpful to you.