What is hemorrhoids?

Nowadays, hemorrhoids are extremely common in our daily lives. But what exactly are hemorrhoids?

What Are Hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids are varicose veins formed by the dilation and tortuosity of venous plexuses beneath the mucosa of the distal rectum and the skin of the anal canal. They are among the most common anorectal disorders, affecting individuals of any age, with incidence increasing progressively with advancing age. A popular Chinese saying goes: “Nine out of ten men and all women suffer from hemorrhoids.” Based on their anatomical location, hemorrhoids are classified as internal, external, or mixed. In the accompanying diagram, the portion above the dental floss represents internal hemorrhoids; the portion below represents external hemorrhoids; and the overlapping (crossed) portion represents mixed hemorrhoids—which constitute the majority of cases. Diagnostic methods for hemorrhoids include digital rectal examination and anoscopy; when necessary, proctoscopy may also be performed.

The primary early symptom of internal hemorrhoids is painless bleeding—often presenting as spurting, dripping, or blood-stained toilet paper. The blood is typically bright red. External hemorrhoids, by contrast, rarely bleed. Recurrent hemorrhoidal bleeding can lead to iron-deficiency anemia. Affected women often report diminished energy and persistent fatigue. With severe or rapidly progressing anemia, symptoms may include pallor, generalized weakness, loss of appetite, palpitations, tachycardia, shortness of breath, and peripheral edema following physical exertion.

In advanced stages, repeated prolapse of internal hemorrhoids may cause relaxation of the levator ani muscle, increased mucus secretion, perianal moisture and soiling, pruritus, and even eczema. Severe cases may involve painful rubbing or pruritic pain.

Patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids should first undergo medical (conservative) treatment. If pharmacological therapy proves ineffective, surgical intervention becomes necessary. We hope this article has been helpful to you!