What is acute polyneuritis?
Jun 05, 2022
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Yang Jun
Introduction
Acute infectious polyneuritis, also known as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), is a neurological disorder characterized by dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system, caused by various factors. It primarily affects the distal ends of peripheral nerves, leading to symmetrical involvement of the limbs’ distal regions. The etiology is likely associated with certain infections and autoimmune mechanisms. GBS most commonly occurs during summer and autumn, and predominantly affects children and young adults.
In clinical practice, many patients with diabetes mellitus or chronic alcohol intoxication are diagnosed with acute polyneuritis. So, what exactly is acute polyneuritis?
What Is Acute Polyneuritis?
Acute infectious polyneuritis—also known as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)—is a neurological disorder characterized by dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system, triggered by various etiologies. It predominantly affects peripheral nerve terminals, leading to symmetrical distal limb involvement. Etiological factors may include certain infections and autoimmune mechanisms. The condition most commonly occurs during summer and autumn, and predominantly affects children and young adults. Its hallmark clinical features include numbness and flaccid paralysis of the limbs.
The onset of acute polyneuritis may be either abrupt or gradual. Typically, it begins with decreased muscle strength in the lower limbs, subsequently progressing upward to involve the trunk, upper limbs, and face. Concurrently, patients often experience symmetrical distal sensory abnormalities, such as numbness and spontaneous aching pain. In most cases, symptoms peak within 3–15 days after onset, manifesting as varying degrees of flaccid paralysis and distal muscle atrophy in all four limbs. Severe cases may present with hoarseness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and even respiratory distress. Within 10–25 days following disease onset, the clinical course stabilizes and recovery begins. Patients commonly exhibit motor, sensory, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Autonomic manifestations include cold, erythematous, or cyanotic extremities; reduced or excessive sweating; thin, delicate, or rough skin; thickened, brittle, lusterless nails; or transverse white nail bands. Sensory deficits—including loss or hypersensitivity—typically occur symmetrically in the distal limbs. Additionally, patients demonstrate reduced muscle tone, diminished or absent patellar reflexes, and muscle atrophy.
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration is a standard therapeutic approach for patients with acute polyneuritis. We hope this information proves helpful to you!
