Why does a fetus experience oxygen deprivation in the womb?

Fetal hypoxia in the womb is primarily caused by insufficient blood supply to the placenta. The placenta serves as the connection between the mother and the fetus, and is the main source through which the fetus obtains nutrients and oxygen. When the placental blood supply is inadequate, the fetus cannot receive sufficient oxygen, leading to hypoxia. The mother's blood composition may also contribute to fetal hypoxia; for example, if the maternal blood contains nicotine or alcohol, it may disrupt placental circulation and impair blood supply to the fetus. Additionally, if the pregnant woman suffers from conditions such as hypertension, renal insufficiency, or anemia, these can also compromise fetal blood supply and result in fetal hypoxia.