Can stones in the lower segment of the ureter be treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy?

Lower ureteral stones can generally be treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), but the decision should be based on individual circumstances. ESWL uses external shock waves to break up stones inside the body, allowing the fragments to pass out through the urine. If the stone in the lower ureter is relatively small—typically less than 1.5 cm or 2 cm—and there is no obstruction, ESWL is usually an appropriate treatment option. However, if the stone is too large or if there is ureteral stricture, ESWL may not be suitable, as it could worsen the narrowing, cause urine reflux, and lead to complications such as hydronephrosis. In cases where ESWL is not recommended, alternative treatments such as ureteroscopic lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy may be considered.