What are the causes of toothache?

The causes of toothache are diverse, mainly including dental diseases and non-disease-related factors. Regarding dental diseases, dental caries (tooth decay) is one of the most common causes; when bacteria erode the teeth, damaging the enamel and dentin, it can cause pain. In addition, inflammatory conditions such as pulpitis, apical periodontitis, gingivitis, and periodontitis are also common causes. These inflammations may be triggered by various factors including bacterial infection, dental trauma, and irritation from dental calculus. As for non-disease-related factors, improper diet (such as excessive consumption of sweet or overly hard foods), and hormonal imbalances (such as changes in hormone levels during a woman's menstrual cycle or pregnancy) can also lead to toothaches. Toothache has complex and varied causes, involving dental structural damage, infections, inflammation, and systemic factors. If you have concerns, it is recommended to seek timely medical attention for diagnosis and treatment by a qualified healthcare professional.