How are closed comedones formed?

The formation of closed comedones involves multiple factors, mainly including: 1. Abnormal androgen levels: Elevated androgen levels in the body can promote enlargement of sebaceous glands and increased sebum production, creating conditions for comedone formation. 2. Excessive sebum secretion: Overactive sebum production combined with inadequate or untimely cleansing can lead to follicular blockage, resulting in comedone formation. 3. Abnormalities of the hair follicle-sebaceous duct: Changes such as widening, narrowing, or blockage of the follicular duct prevent normal sebum drainage, causing sebum accumulation within the follicle and leading to comedones. 4. Inflammatory responses: Skin irritation from bacterial infection or inflammation can stimulate increased sebaceous gland activity, triggering comedone development. Additionally, improper diet, excessive mental stress, and inadequate cleansing practices may also contribute to the formation of closed comedones. To prevent and treat closed comedones, it is recommended to maintain a balanced diet, emotional stability, proper skin hygiene, and to use appropriate medications under a physician's guidance.