What are the consequences for men who take estrogen for a prolonged period?

Long-term use of estrogen by males may lead to a series of changes.

1. It may cause male breast development, resulting in enlarged breasts and nodule formation, which may be accompanied by pain and discomfort in severe cases. Secondly, libido may decrease, leading to sexual disinterest and affecting quality of life. Furthermore, estrogen has an inhibitory effect on the reproductive system and may reduce or even stop sperm production, thereby causing erectile dysfunction and impairing fertility. Other physical changes may include a softer voice, reduced body hair, and fat distribution patterns shifting toward those typical of females, such as increased fat accumulation around the hips and thighs.

2. Long-term estrogen intake may also lead to osteoporosis, reduced bone density, and an increased risk of fractures. It may further increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, blood clots, and certain types of cancer.

3. Prolonged estrogen use may also cause liver dysfunction, manifested as fatigue, loss of appetite, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. In severe cases, jaundice and liver failure may occur.

In addition, psychologically, due to physical changes and societal and cultural expectations regarding gender roles, individuals may experience confusion regarding gender identity, anxiety, or depression.

Therefore, males should avoid long-term estrogen intake.