What illness is characterized by low blood sugar?

Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, refers to a pathological condition in which the concentration of glucose in the blood falls below normal levels. It is generally defined as a fasting blood glucose concentration below 2.8 mmol/L. Hypoglycemia can be a complication during diabetes treatment, especially when insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents are used.

In non-diabetic individuals, hypoglycemia is defined as blood glucose levels below 2.8 mmol/L. However, diabetic patients may experience hypoglycemic symptoms when blood glucose drops below 4 mmol/L. Possible causes include malnutrition, alcohol abuse, drug overdose (such as insulin or hypoglycemic agents), insulin-secreting tumors, liver disease, and adrenal, pituitary, or thyroid insufficiency. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include palpitations, fatigue, excessive sweating, hand tremors, and intense hunger. In severe cases, it may lead to confusion, seizures, or even coma.

Treatment for hypoglycemia involves immediate glucose supplementation, such as consuming sugary drinks or food orally, or intravenous glucose administration under medical supervision. Long-term management requires addressing the underlying cause, adjusting diet and lifestyle, and preventing recurrence of hypoglycemia.