What are the treatment methods for melasma?

Melasma, also known as chloasma or the "pregnancy mask," is associated with factors such as sun exposure, endocrine changes (e.g., pregnancy), genetics, drug reactions, and chronic liver disease. The main treatment options for melasma include the following:

1. Sun protection: Avoid sun exposure, use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF ≥ 50, and employ physical sun protection measures.

2. Topical skin-lightening agents: Such as hydroquinone, tretinoin cream, and L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) serums. These medications inhibit tyrosinase production, reduce melanin formation, and help fade melasma.

3. Laser therapy: Treatment with low-energy large-spot long-pulsed Q-switched 1064 nm laser or intense pulsed light (IPL) can effectively break down melanin and repair the skin barrier. Additionally, IPL can improve telangiectasia in erythematotelangiectatic melasma.

4. Photodynamic therapy: Combines specific wavelengths of light with photosensitizing agents to target areas of pigmentation, effectively removing melasma.

5. Chemical peels: Using chemical agents such as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to promote exfoliation of the epidermis, stimulate new skin regeneration, and improve pigmentation.

6. Oral medications: Such as tranexamic acid and vitamin C, which can regulate the internal environment, inhibit melanin synthesis, and assist in the treatment of melasma.

The above treatment methods should be selected according to the patient's specific condition and administered under the guidance of a qualified physician.