What are the causes of acne?

Acne, commonly known as pimples, is a common skin condition that primarily occurs in areas with a high distribution of sebaceous glands, such as the face, back, and chest. Its causes are complex and mainly include the following points:

1. Excessive sebum secretion: During puberty, hormonal changes, especially increased levels of androgens, stimulate the sebaceous glands to secrete excessive sebum. Too much sebum can easily block the hair follicle openings, leading to the formation of comedones.

2. Abnormal follicular keratinization: The keratinocytes at the opening of the hair follicles undergo abnormal metabolism and fail to shed normally. When they mix with sebum, they can block the pores, forming closed or open comedones (whiteheads or blackheads).

3. Bacterial infection: The Propionibacterium acnes residing in the hair follicles multiply extensively in a hypoxic environment. They break down sebum into free fatty acids, which irritate the hair follicles and surrounding tissues, causing inflammatory reactions and resulting in red, swollen pimples.

4. Genetic factors: Acne tends to cluster in families, and individuals with a family history of acne may have an increased risk of developing the condition.

5. Dietary factors: High intake of sugar, fat, and dairy products is associated with acne development. These foods may affect hormonal balance, leading to excessive sebum production. In addition, spicy and fried foods may also trigger acne.

6. Lifestyle habits: Long-term late nights, high mental stress, and insufficient sleep can lead to endocrine disorders, thereby increasing the incidence of acne. Additionally, poor skin hygiene, and the use of irritating cosmetics or medications can also cause acne.