What causes pain in the lower left abdomen?

Abdominal pain is a common clinical symptom, most frequently caused by pathological conditions of intra-abdominal organs; however, it may also originate from thoracic diseases or systemic disorders. Abdominal pain can be classified as either acute or chronic: acute abdominal pain develops suddenly and has a short duration, whereas chronic abdominal pain has an insidious onset and persists over a longer period. So, what could cause pain in the lower left abdomen? Below, we address this question.

Causes of Lower Left Abdominal Pain

1. Gynecological Disorders

Common conditions include salpingo-oophoritis (adnexitis), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and chronic endometritis. If a patient experiences persistent lower left abdominal pain that worsens after sexual intercourse or menstruation—and is accompanied by increased vaginal discharge—chronic endometritis is highly likely. Conversely, if the pain intensifies during periods of fatigue or around menstruation, and is associated with menstrual irregularities and persistent fatigue, pelvic inflammatory disease is probable. In such cases, prompt medical evaluation and treatment are strongly recommended.

2. Intestinal Disorders

If lower left abdominal pain occurs alongside changes in bowel habits—such as diarrhea or constipation—or if the pain significantly improves after defecation or flatus, functional gastrointestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) should be considered. Symptomatic treatment may include oral probiotics and prokinetic agents such as pinaverium bromide. However, if lower left abdominal pain is accompanied by hematochezia (rectal bleeding) or unintentional weight loss, immediate medical consultation is essential. Colonoscopy should be performed to rule out organic colonic or rectal pathology.

3. Urinary Tract Disorders

Pain associated with urination likely originates from the urinary system. Possible causes include ureteritis, renal calculi, or ureteral stones. In addition to dull left abdominal pain, patients may experience aching discomfort along the paraspinal lumbar region and intermittent colicky pain. Furthermore, left abdominal dull pain may result from varicocele—a pathological dilation and tortuosity of the pampiniform plexus veins—which can manifest as vague left lower abdominal discomfort.

The above outlines potential causes of lower left abdominal pain. We hope this information proves helpful.